Exatas Tecnol. Modifications of therapeutic proteins: challenges and prospects. doi: 10.1016/j.apjtb.2016.01.006, Mokoena, M. P., Mutanda, T., and Olaniran, A. O. Natl. The immunity induced by recombinant vaccines is usually attributed to the ability of the recombinant virus to express the gene of interest at high levels within the host cells. doi: 10.1038/nrc1973, Rodrigues, R. C., and Fernandez-Lafuente, R. (2010). 63, 541556. This page titled 12: Modern Applications of Microbial Genetics is shared under a CC BY 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by OpenStax via source content that was edited to the style and standards of the LibreTexts platform; a detailed edit history is available upon request. One approach for this last route uses bacteria as carriers of a DNA plasmid to target specific cells and activate receptors of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (Becker et al., 2008). When mixed in the aqueous phase, alginate and chitosan combine spontaneously by strong electrostatic attraction, forming a polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) that may be employed for the production of thin, transparent membranes that allow good absorption of physiological fluids, as well as the incorporation of several bioactive compounds (Pires and Moraes, 2015). doi: 10.1001/jama.2014.470, Spang, A., and Ettema, T. J. G. (2016). Pasteur, L. (2002). 363, fnw001. doi: 10.1016/j.tig.2012.10.014, Bournazos, S., and Ravetch, J. V. (2017). Because they require original research and development, and because they propose alternative methods of administration such as dermatological applications and inhaled formulations in order to minimize biological instability, biobetters still have significantly higher costs compared to reference biopharmaceutical versions (Mitragotri et al., 2014; Sandeep et al., 2016). doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(73)90152-6. Rev. 42, 28392848. This exopolysaccharide is commercially synthesized by the bacterium Xanthomonas campestris, using different carbon sources (Barua et al., 2016; Li et al., 2016; Velu et al., 2016). Kinetic study on the removal of toxic phenol and chlorophenol from waste water by horseradish peroxidise. (2008). Control. Kaylas physician immediately prescribed a full course of the antibiotic doxycycline. Potential of Bacillus thuringiensis in the management of pernicious lepidopteran pests, in Plant, Soil and Microbes, eds K. R. Hakeem and M. S. Akhtar (New York City, NY: Springer International Publishing), 277301. New horizons in adjuvants for vaccine development. Systematic Review of the Non-Specific Effects of BCG, DTP and Measles Containing Vaccines. Life Sci. Plant Sci. doi: 10.1038/381480a0, McGovern, P. E., Zhang, J., Tang, J., Zhang, Z., Hall, G. R., Moreau, R. A., et al. 62, 369373. Int. They include bacteria, fungi, protozoa, microalgae, and viruses. Mosquitoes containing the Wolbachia wMelPop-CLA strain showed an approximately 50% reduction of the survival of females compared to mosquitoes without the strain (McMeniman et al., 2009). A number of enzyme preparations of microbial origin have been evaluated in food processing. The great diversity of molecules produced by filamentous fungi justifies the exploration of these microorganisms, and therefore, the development of production systems in bioreactors has been encouraged. The major application of glucoamylase is the saccharification of partially processed starch/dextrin to glucose, which is an essential substrate for numerous fermentation processes and a range of food and beverage industries. Watson and Cricks identification of the structure of DNA in 1953 was the seminal event in the field of genetic engineering. Biotechnol. A novel microbial biosensor based on cells of Gluconobacter oxydans for the selective determination of 1,3-propanediol in the presence of glycerol and its application to bioprocess monitoring. (2016). Opin. Microb. Advances in molecular biology have led to the creation of entirely new fields of science. Past and future of non-Saccharomyces yeasts: from spoilage microorganisms to biotechnological tools for improving wine aroma complexity. 75, 5962. The metagenome of a biogas-producing microbial community of a production-scale biogas plant fermenter analysed by the 454-pyrosequencing technology. doi: 10.1002/ecy.1514. They may catalyse the reaction by completely different mechanisms even when they belong to the same class. Bueno, M. M., Thys, R. C. S., and Rodrigues, R. C. (2016). Metab. Building on that ethos of providing industry leading solutions for temperature and climate control, the m360 team expanded on what is provided in our standard product and introduced future-proof features to further ensure Memmert device . Conjugate vaccines are already currently used in the control of Haemophilus influenza type B and S. pneumoniae. Macromol. New biopharmaceuticals. Indian J. Chem. A Suggested nomenclature for bacterial host modification and restriction systems and their enzymes. Insights into the phylogeny and coding potential of microbial dark matter. Enzyme Microb. under aerobic conditions in glucose-rich medium and with limited amounts of nitrogen (Papagianni, 2004; Fu et al., 2014), and even via the fermentation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in glucose- and cane juice-based medium (Saitoh et al., 2005; Valli et al., 2006). Biofuel Bioprod. Sci. Sci. Nat. J. Pediatr. 2, 854858. Microbial production of scent and flavour compounds. Many of the molecular tools discovered in recent decades have been produced using prokaryotic microbes. (B) Use of Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis bioinsecticide to fight dengue. Fermented Beverages. Figure 1. (1973). doi: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2015.03.031, Paterson, R. R. M. (2006). doi: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2009.01.008, Djekrif-Dakhmouche, S., Gheribi-Aoulmi, Z., Meraihi, Z., and Bennamoun, L. (2006). Synergistic effect of Trichoderma-derived antifungal metabolites and cell wall degrading enzymes on enhanced biocontrol of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. F1000 Res. Recently, Ling et al. Appl. Leptospirillum ferrooxidans basead Fe 2+ sensor. Energy Production 4. Cyclopeptide scaffolds in carbohydrate-based synthetic vaccines. Nematologica 13, 825835. This is a challenge to be faced by Technological Microbiology in the coming years. doi: 10.1038/nrmicro.2016.32, Ling, L. L., Schneider, T., Peoples, A. J., Spoering, A. L., Engels, I., Conlon, B. P., et al. Microbiol. Sens. 32, 213234. Fortunately, Kayla recovered fully within a few weeks and did not suffer from the long-term symptoms of post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome (PTLDS), which affects 1020% of Lyme disease patients. doi: 10.3920/BM2012.0030, Gill, S. S., Cowles, E. A., and Pietrantonio, P. V. (1992). Sci. Other approved therapeutic monoclonal antibodies, in Safety of Biologics Therapy (New York City, NY: Springer International Publishing), 141215. Biol. Extremophiles and biotechnology: current uses and prospects. However, recent epidemic outbreaks of emerging and reemerging diseases have stimulated the development of biotechnological techniques that can not only assist diagnosis but also serve as alternatives for controlling transmission. (2012). doi: 10.1016/S0168-9525(01)02237-5. doi: 10.1007/978-94-017-9555-5-11, Holm-Nielsen, J. At the cutting-edge of grape and wine biotechnology. 20, 11011104. Thus, the genome is constant, but the proteome varies and is dynamic within an organism. (2013). Polym. This chapter discusses the commercial applications of various microbial enzymes and also highlights the sources and nature of industrial applications. Microbiol. Bioelectron. Science, government and the mass production of penicillin. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000833, Biebl, H., Menzel, K., Zeng, A.-P., and Deckwer, W.-D. (1999). Metabolic engineering of acetoin and meso-2,3-butanediol biosynthesis in E. coli. When genomics and transcriptomics are applied to entire microbial communities, we use the terms metagenomics and metatranscriptomics, respectively. doi: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2005.00795.x, Chumnanpuen, P., Kocharin, K., and Vongsangnak, W. (2016). J. Mol. 6, 343357. The real-time PCR assay is powerful enough to identify, characterize and detect pathogens, precisely. Since then, the improvement of new heterologous protein production systems via E. coli enabled the commercial approval of several other products, including hormones (calcitonin, parathyroid hormone, human growth hormone, glucagon, and somatropin), interferons, and interleukins (Ferrer-Miralles et al., 2009). doi: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2006.07.004, Paterson, R. R. M. (2008). CordycepsA traditional Chinese medicine and another fungal therapeutic biofactory? doi: 10.1016/S0924-2244(97)01066-2. Several sequences are present in all bacteria with slight variation, can be used in the identification of different bacteria. Isolation and characterization of endophytic taxol-producing fungi from Taxus chinensis. 3, 124127. Microbial genetics plays a crucial role in field of molecular and cell biology and profound applications in medicine, food, agriculture and pharmaceutical industries. Genetic ManipulationsApplications in Therapy. LV conceived this article, reviewed the existing literature, participated in writing, and created the figures. Annu. Available at: http://www.who.int/immunization/sage/meetings/2014/april [accessed June 1, 2014]. In turn, the symbiotic interaction between plant species and endophytic, mycorrhizal, and/or diazotrophic microorganisms can help plant growth and development through N2 uptake, immobilized phosphate solubilization, siderophore production, competition with phytopathogenic species, etc. Pediatrics 102, 3. doi: 10.1542/peds.102.3.531, Timur, S., Haghighi, B., Tkac, J., Pazarhoglu, N., Telefoncu, A., and Gorton, L. (2007). Natl. Received: 22 February 2017; Accepted: 24 April 2017;Published: 10 May 2017. He then became an admirer of the microscopic universe, describing the association of microorganisms with diseases and proposing vaccination methods such as used against anthrax (1881) and human rabies (1885) (Pasteur, 2002; Plotkin and Plotkin, 2011). J. Hist. Rep. 6, 37155. doi: 10.1038/srep37155, Awadhiya, A., Tyeb, S., Rathore, K., and Verma, V. (2016). J. 57, 295303. Despite this poor reactogenicity, subunit vaccines have been developed against a variety of pathogens, including Streptococcus pneumoniae, hepatitis B virus, and HPV. Environ. J. doi: 10.1016/j.biocontrol.2015.12.001. These microorganisms therefore reduce the need for application of chemical fertilizers in soils (e.g., Abdel-Fattah et al., 2016; Oliveira et al., 2016a,b). Crit. Fermented beverages of pre- and proto-historic China. Transcription profiling of resistance to Bti toxins in the mosquito Aedes aegypti using next-generation sequencing. The mutualistic interaction between plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Pasteur, L. (1857). The major microorganisms explored as biofactories are the bacterium E. coli, followed by the yeast S. cerevisiae; both prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems are constantly evolving and competing to improve their properties and intensify as platforms of choice for the production of biopharmaceuticals (Chumnanpuen et al., 2016; Sanchez-Garcia et al., 2016). In the future, the microbiological processes for obtaining a variety of organic acids are expected to will be competitive, become established in the market, and allow for an annual increase in the production of these compounds. 309, 202209. His studies also provided support for the establishment of microbiology as a science, which had as its initial interest the sanitary control of diseases. Cell Fact. 225, 18. Nucleic acid vaccines: an overview. FEMS Microbiol. This vaccine, however, is currently only available under private health care systems at very high prices. Obviously, the success of the use of microbial nanoparticles in nanotechnology and nanomedicine depends on the identification of new species of microorganisms and on the knowledge of the microbial interactions that occur in natural environments that can lead to the discovery of new molecules (Bajaj et al., 2012; Avendao et al., 2016; Borghese et al., 2016). 28, 8399. The class of biodegradable biopolymers of major interest is the polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), and the best known among these are poly(beta-hydroxybutyrate; PHB), poly(beta-hydroxyvalerate; PHV), and poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-valerate; PHB-V), the latter being commercially known as Biopol. 1, 1015. Microbes are ideally suited for combined biochemical and genetic studies and have been successful in providing information on the genetic code and the regulation of gene activity. 40, 20162020. These aspects will be discussed throughout this session. J. Water Res. Biodeter. Application to Industries. Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. B Environ. Applications of endophytic Actinomycetes and their role in protection. Chapter 7 - Microbial Biochemistry ; Chapter 8 - Microbial Metabolism ; Chapter 9 - Microbial Growth ; Chapter 10 - Biochemistry of the Genome ; Chapter 11 - Mechanisms of Microbial Genetics ; Chapter 12 - Modern Applications of Microbial Genetics ; Chapter 13 - Control of Microbial Growth ; Chapter 14 - Antimicrobial Drugs Protein secretion in Corynebacterium glutamicum. Plant Prot. 71, 27892792. J. Chapter 8: Modern Applications of Microbial Genetics Figure 8.1 A thermal cycler (left) is used during a polymerase chain reaction (PCR). 63, 28022813. A., and Segal, S. J. In 1976, a thermostable DNA polymerase was isolated from the bacterium Thermus aquaticus. (2016). Res. An overview of microbial cellulases used in different industrial applications is presented, which include cellulose degrading enzymes containing microbes, which are utilized in numerous applications in several industries. (1996). Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. Appl. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1306801, Maleki, S., Almaas, E., Zotchev, S., Valla, S., and Ertesvg, H. (2016). (2008). doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.09.043, Huang, X., Chen, X., Chen, Q., Yu, Q., Sun, D., and Liu, J. A. Drug Discov. doi: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2016.10.001. doi: 10.4161/hv.26109, Pifferi, C., Berthet, N., and Renaudet, O. (2016). doi: 10.1002/ep.12375, Jenkins, N. (2007). 6, 637650. Qum. Adv. 16, 337353. Biosynthesis of xanthan gum by Xanthomonas campestris LRELP-1 using kitchen waste as the sole substrate. JAMA 311, 826835. One hundred years of clostridial butanol fermentation. The HGH gene was cloned from a cDNA library and inserted into E. coli cells by cloning it into a bacterial vector. Med. This chapter describes the application of microbes in several fields with great importance. Environ. FIGURE 1. Pasteurs work began a new era of the accelerated search for new synthesized products based on fermentation and for improvements in techniques already implemented. Fungal chitosan production and its characterization. J. Biol. Macromol. Afr. For the production of vaccines, microorganisms do not function as biofactories but are instead only used (whole or fractionated) to stimulate the synthesis of specific antibodies. However, studies have shown that most of the microorganisms isolated from the reactors are still unexplored (e.g., Krause et al., 2008; Figure 2) and may be a source for new products and services in the future. A new biolistic intradermal injector. There's a new discipline in town: genomics, a new field of science that analyzes and compares the complete genome (genetic material of an organism) of organisms or a large number of genes in a simultaneous fashion. Further manipulations of these species are expected to create strains capable of producing a wide variety of non-native commercial products. The use of viral promoters enhances gene expression and improves mRNA stability related to antigen synthesis. The focus on microorganisms as an alternative in the production of biosensors is mainly due to the ability to produce them massively through cell culture (Su et al., 2011). Biotechnol. Adv. J. For use as medical materials, the high purity of PHAs is enhanced by using bioceramics and/or bioactive glasses that improve their biomechanical properties and increase their bioactivity (Radecka et al., 2016). Generation of a live attenuated influenza vaccine that elicits broad protection in mice and ferrets. This represents an important complement to the other techniques that focus mainly on vector control. biocontrol of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. (2007). doi: 10.1016/S0079-6603(08)60204-4, Astronomo, R. D., and Burton, D. R. (2010). A. Recently, E. coli cells were developed to function as CadC-T7 biosensors, which are based on synthetic genetic circuits that combine a fluorescence reporter gene and heavy metal-responsive proteins. Adv. Application to Medicine 3. doi: 10.1007/s10616-007-9075-2, Johnson, I. S. (1983). doi: 10.1021/ac9805201, Nabel, G. J. These endotoxins are synthesized by the soil bacterium B. thuringiensis (Bt) and have an entomopathogenic action, controlling the pests present in cabbage, potato, and grains (Sarwar, 2015a). (2000). Bio-Hydrometallurgy 7. Nova 37, 11111117. (2016). Bioelectron. Microbial pigments might be an alternative to synthetic pigments. Balc. Another alternative, also focused on preventing the proliferation of the dengue virus vector, is the use of a biological insecticide. Biotechnol. Res. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1439-2054(20000301)276:1, Mohiddin, A., Lasim, A. M., and Zuharah, W. F. (2016). Microbiol. In addition, lactic acid fermentation processes have recently received more attention because of the growing demand for new biomaterials, such as biodegradable products and biocompatible polylactics (Gao et al., 2011). Probiotics are living microorganisms that have been linked to host health benefits (Gawkowski and Chikindas, 2016). Trends Immunol. Ethanol Gluconobacter biosensor designed for flow injection analysis: application in ethanol fermentation off-line monitoring. Optimizing the performance of microbial fuel cells fed a combination of different synthetic organic fractions in municipal solid waste. Biobetters: the better biologics and their regulatory overview. Bioeng. Rev. doi: 10.1016/j.drudis.2013.11.008, Padilla, B., Gil, J. V., and Manzanares, P. (2016). 45, 10321036. FIGURE 2. Vaccines of this type are available for tetanus, diphtheria, and anthrax. Non-specific effects of standard measles vaccine at 4.5 and 9 months of age on childhood mortality: randomised controlled trial. Enzyme immobilization: the quest for optimum performance. Microbiol. 214, 184191. Pharmaceutics 8, 7. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics8010007, Nizet, V. (2015). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. Pharm. Opin. Biomarkers are currently being used to detect various forms of cancer as well as infections caused by pathogens such as Yersinia pestis and Vaccinia virus.2. 388, 287295. By contrast, the endospores of the bacterium Pasteuria sp. (2013). doi: 10.1093/jhmas/48.4.371, Nielsen, D. R., Yoon, S. H., Yuan, C. J., and Prather, K. L. (2010). The discovery of biological enantioselectivity: louis Pasteur and the fermentation of tartaric acid, 1857-A review and analysis 150 yr later. Recombinant (gene) vaccines are prepared from viruses engineered to carry genes encoding antigens from other disease-causing viruses for expression in the host after inoculation. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2003.10.018, Ismail, A.-M., Abo-Elmagd, H., and Housseiny, M. M. (2016). J. Eng. Deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase from the extreme thermophile Thermus aquaticus. Spectr. Biotechnol. 25, 3438. Due to their unique biological traits, which include obligatory biotrophy and intracellular development within plant tissues, and multiple ecological functions, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMFs; which are also thought to have helped plants conquer terrestrial environments) have aroused agronomic interests with the aim of sustainable production with low chemical consumption (Lanfranco et al., 2016). J. Genet. 1, 16056. doi: 10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.56. (2008). doi: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2008.03.011, Saiki, R. K., Gelfand, D. H., Stoffel, S., Scharf, S. J., Higuchi, R., Horn, G. T., et al. Microbial genomics: A new tool to increase food quality and safety. doi: 10.1080/09593330.2015.1118559, Sauer, M. (2016). Microorganisms have also been potentially explored for the production of a new generation of biofuels (Liao et al., 2016). Ferrer-Miralles, N., Domingo-Espn, J., Corchero, J. L., Vzquez, E., and Villaverde, A. (2009). 15, 795798. Diamond v. Chakrabarty: a retrospective on 25 years of biotech patents. Sahebani, N., and Hadavi, N. (2008). (2012). Future Med. Med. Proc. 87, 410. Selection of -lyase-producing yeasts improves aromatic thiol release and, consequently, the sensory properties of wines (Belda et al., 2016), whereas the selection of yeasts specializing in certain processes such as flocculation may improve the fermentation of special wines such as sparkling wines (Tofalo et al., 2016). The mode of action of Bacillus thuringiensis endotoxins. J. Appl. . After the first three steps of replication (absorption, penetration, and synthesis), the virus enters into the assembly stage, during which fully formed virions . Persistence of Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti) in the environment induces resistance to multiple Bti toxins in mosquitoes. In general, these vaccines are effective stimulators of humoral immune responses, but in many cases, multiple doses are required for long-term immunity since they do not stimulate the production of immunoglobulin A (IgA) or cytotoxic T cell responses because the virus does not replicate.
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